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Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a separate legal court pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own system. After the Ottoman Tanzimat (1839–76) reforms, the term was used for legally protected religious minority groups, similar to the way other countries use the word ''nation''. The word ''Millet'' comes from the Arabic word ''millah'' (ملة) and literally means "nation". The Millet system of Islamic law has been called an example of pre-modern religious pluralism.
== Concept ==
The millet system has a long history in the Middle East and is closely linked to Islamic rules on the treatment of non−Muslim minorities living under Islamic dominion (dhimmi). The Ottoman term specifically refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to personal law under which minorities were allowed to rule themselves (in cases not involving any Muslim) with fairly little interference from the Ottoman government. The concept was used even before the establishment of the Ottoman Empire for the communities of the Church of the East under the Zoroastrian Sassanid Persia in the 4th century.
People were bound to their millets by their religious affiliations (or their confessional communities), rather than their ethnic origins, according to the ''millet'' concept.〔.〕 The head of a ''millet'' – most often a religious hierarch such as the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople or, in earlier times, the Patriarch of the East – reported directly to the Ottoman Sultan or the Sassanid king, respectively. The millets had a great deal of power – they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was required was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the ruling Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia−based law.
Later, the perception of the ''millet'' concept was altered in the 19th century by the rise of nationalism within the Ottoman Empire.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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